sugars

MIT Biology Hypertextbook: Chemistry Review

The study of biology requires an understanding of simple organic chemistry and simple biological chemistry. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, the players in molecular biology, are themselves composed of smaller building blocks. This chapter contains a review of important chemical interactions and concepts you will encounter in this course.

Large Molecules

The Structures and Functions of Sugars in

Diagram The five basic sugars used in 7.01

2 Sugars

2 Sugars

2 Sugars

The main points to understand and remember about sugars are threefold:

They are important metabolically. Sugars are the major energy storage

There are two ways for sugars to polymerize, through alpha and beta

Sucrose and lactose are composed of two sugars and are therefore termed disaccharides.

There are four basic sugars that we will deal with:

Characteristics of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

large polymer of amino acids and sugar . Many types of eukaryotic cells

G Protein Receptors

to skeletal muscles, and increases blood glucose by causing liver and

Cell Basics

15% carbohydrate

Membrane Proteins Introduction

if an E. coli bacterium detects a high concentration of lactose in the

Membrane Transport Mechanisms

Then those protons are coupled to lactose at the lactose permease

Chemical Energetics

sugars to sugar-phosphates used to make polysaccharide requires an input

Feedback Inhibition

major molecules in cells: nucleotides, amino acids, sugars, and lipids.

3.4 Primary through Quartenary structure

glucose molecule bound to it, but that is nearly impossible to see.